Modification of the polyethylene glycol 6000 precipitation method for recovering human and indicator viruses from oysters and mussels     

Gillian D. Lewis  Angela Hough  David H. Green  John E. Hay  Lynnette R. Ferguson 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(4):443-447

Human viruses are a common contaminant of shellfish affected by human sewage wastes. They are difficult to detect as they are not easily separated from shellfish tissue. This paper describes a modification of the polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation technique for recovery of enteroviruses and F‐specific bacteriophages from the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and the green‐lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus). Modifications adopted were the use of only the digestive gland tissue for virus extraction, resuspension of the primary PEG pellet in 4 volumes of eluent, and the introduction of a secondary PEG precipitation to reconcentrate the virus containing extract. The recovery rate of the virus extraction process was not affected by introduction of the secondary concentration step (overall recovery remained at 60–70% of the virus input). The advantages of reduction of tissue residue in the extract, smaller final volume, and the ability to process 2–3 times the number of individual shellfish for the same effort, improve the practicality of the method.  相似文献   

Mesh selection studies on flatfish in relation to the Otago trawl fishery   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

G. D. James 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(3):229-240

Cod‐end mesh selection experiments were conducted on three species of flatfish (common or English sole Peltorhamphus novaezeelandiae, lemon sole Pelotretis flavilatus, and sand flounder Rhombosolea plebeia) trawled off the Otago coast. It is suggested that better yields would be obtained from stocks of these fish if the minimum cod‐end mesh size was increased from 10.2 cm (4 in.) to 11.4 cm (4.5 in.).  相似文献   

Some observations on phytoplankton species composition,biomass, and productivity in Kenepuru Sound,New Zealand, 1982–83     

A. L. Mackenzie  H. F. Kaspar  P. A. Gillespie 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(3):397-405

Phytoplankton species composition, biomass, and rates of primary production were determined at two sites within Kenepuru Sound, New Zealand, in spring, summer, and autumn of 1982–83. Microflagellates and ultraplankton (< 5–10 μm) were numerically very abundant on each occasion and small gymnodinoid nanno‐planktonic (< 10–15 μm) dinoflagellates were likewise always a common component of the populations. The dinoflagellate, Prorocentrum gracile, made a substantial contribution to the total biomass in summer. The diatom community changed from mainly small chain forming species (Chaetoceros spp., Leptocylindricus spp.) in spring to small solitary centric and pennate forms (Nitzchia longissima, Coscinodiscus spp.) in summer, to a diversity of larger taxa (Coscinodiscus concinnus, Eucampia zoodiacus) in autumn. The autotrophic ciliate Mesodinium rubrum was a particularly important member of the autumn photo‐autotrophic assemblage. Both phytoplankton biomass and productivity increased from spring to autumn. In situ rates of primary production ranged from 15 to 1420 mgC m^‐2h^‐1 and chlorophyll a concentrations ranged from 6.9 to 258.5 mgChl a m^‐2. A gross primary production rate, in summer, was estimated at 0.57 gC m^‐2 d^‐1. Phytoplankton production and biomass appeared to be related to dissolved inorganic nutrient concentrations as a result of variations in the freshwater inflow. A tentative comparison between the rates of phytoplankton and cultivated mussel production is made.  相似文献   

Enteroviruses in mussels and marine sediments and depuration of naturally accumulated viruses by green lipped mussels (Perna canaliculus)     

Gillian Lewis  Margaret W. Loutit  Frank J. Austin 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(3):431-437

Surveys were carried out over 16 months to assess the distribution of enteroviruses of human origin in sediments and mussels near two sewage outfalls on the North Taranaki Coast, New Zealand. Enteroviruses were present in high numbers in both sediments and shellfish near the New Plymouth sewage outfall with maximum virus levels of 32 000 pfu 100 g^‐1 of wet mussel tissue and 59 pfu 100 g^‐1 of wet sediment material. Viruses were recovered occasionally from sediments and mussels near the Waitara Borough outfall. Coxsackievirus B4 was the predominant virus type isolated but CB5 and Poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3 were also recovered. Attempts to depurate virus‐contaminated New Plymouth mussels, by keeping them in water for 8 days with daily water replacement, did not achieve a significant reduction in virus numbers.  相似文献   

New Zealand xenophyophores: Upper bathyal distribution,photographs of growth position,and a new species     

O. S. Tendal  K. B. Lewis 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(2):197-203

Xenophyophores are a group of giant, but extremely fragile, rhizopod protozoans generally found at lower bathyal or abyssal depths. Recent dredge samples and photographs suggest that there is a largely endemic fauna of xenophyophores with anastomosing branches living at upper bathyal depths around New Zealand. Their distribution may be related to the layer of Antarctic Intermediate water that bathes the upper slope of the New Zealand Plateau.

Photographs of the seafloor at depths of 800–1300 m on the Lord Howe Rise show hemispherical masses, 5 cm across, of which the majority appear to be Syringammina tasmanensis Lewis, 1966 and at least one specimen may be Reticulammina lamellata Tendal, 1972. The photographs indicate that these species live on the seabed, not beneath it, that they are probably filter feeders and that they can reach a density of about one specimen per square metre.

A new species, Reticulammina maini, is described from the continental slope east of Auckland. A key to the New Zealand species of xenophyophore is presented.  相似文献   

Differences in the distributions of freshwater fishes and decapod crustaceans in urban and forested streams in Auckland,New Zealand     

Amber J. McEwan  Michael K. Joy 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(5):1115-1120

Using data from existing studies, assemblages of freshwater fishes and decapod crustaceans were examined at 39 sites in urbanised catchments and 57 sites in forested (reference) catchments within the greater Auckland region, New Zealand. Eleven native and 1 exotic fish species and 2 native decapod crustacean species were recorded. Species richness and fish Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) scores were lower overall in streams in urbanised catchments. Shortfin eel (Anguilla australis) and mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) were more dominant in urban streams; all other commonly occurring species were found significantly more often in reference streams. Non‐diadromous native species (Cran's bully (Gobiomorphus basalts) and freshwater crayfish (Paranephrops planifions)) were absent from urban streams, but relatively abundant in reference streams. This absence of non‐diadromous species, together with the urban occurrence of five diadromous species suggests that migratory barriers pose less of a threat to freshwater communities than physico‐chemical disturbance in streams in the Auckland urban region.  相似文献   

Limnology of Lake Rerewhakaaitu     

M. A. Chapman  V. H. Jolly  E. A. Flint 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(2):207-224

The limnology of Lake Rerewhakaaitu (36°18'S, 176° 30'E) was studied at various intervals between 1971 and 1974; comparisons were made between the main lake (area 6.32 km², mean depth 7 m, maximum depth 15 m), and the smaller (0.15 km²) and deeper (mean depth 15 m, maximum 31 m) crater which are connected by a narrow, 1 m deep channel. The main lake was usually homothermal, although temporary stratification periodically occurred, and the oxygen content of the deeper water could be as low as 2 g.m^‐3. The crater showed strong thermal and chemical stratification persisting well into the winter. Its heat budget and other factors related to lake stability are compared with those of some other New Zealand lakes. The failure of the crater to become fully re‐oxygenated during its brief period of homothermy is believed to be related to its morphometry, since the amount of phytoplankton did not appear to be great enough to explain the low levels of dissolved oxygen in the hypolimnion. The hypolimnetic oxygen deficit in 1973–74 was 0.038 mg. cm^‐2.day^‐1. Qualitatively the phytoplankton, usually dominated by desmids, was characteristic of oligotrophic waters, but quantitatively the main lake could be rated as mesotrophic. Differences were also found in the abundance of zooplankton between the crater and the main lake: there were usually more Bosmina but considerably fewer Ceriodaphnia in the main lake which had greater numbers of Piona. Adult Calamoecia were generally more abundant in the crater.  相似文献   

淡水珍珠新品种及加工工艺新进展     

徐翀  李立平  杨春 《地质科学译丛》2010,(1):50-54,I0002

目前,普通、低品质的淡水珍珠产品已无法满足大部分消费者的时尚需求,但随着珍珠养殖技术与加工技术的进一步发展,市场上出现了许多新的珍珠品种。系统地总结了目前中国珍珠市场上新造型的珍珠的特征,其中有核珍珠更适合于加工成各式各样的异形珠。以淡水无核珍珠为对象,重点探讨了刻面加工技术、镶嵌技术和雕刻技术在改善珍珠外观方面的应用,进一步分析了刻面珍珠的琢磨角度与时间;对椭圆形珍珠、腰线珍珠进行CZ镶嵌,使其外观得到了改善,提升了其价值。最后,对珍珠的雕刻技术进行了初步探讨。  相似文献   

河北省地下咸水对地下淡水资源入侵影响分析     

张素娥  李志军  孙先锋  龙高峡 《地质灾害与环境保护》2010,21(1):26-30

河北省中东部区域分布为地下咸水分布区。自大量开采地下淡水以来,出现了地下咸水入侵地下淡水资源问题,第四系地下淡水水质呈不断变差趋势,对宝贵的地下淡水资源构成威胁,其主要原因是地下淡水资源的超量开采和成井工艺不严格。本文分析了地下咸水入侵地下淡水机制及影响现状。  相似文献   

贻贝在不同贮藏温度下磷脂含量变化初步研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

林洪  李兰生  薛长湖  蔡跃飘  王海英  徐亦项  吕青 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》1999,(4)

对贮藏在２０℃、５℃、－ １０℃和－ １８℃温度下的鲜活紫贻贝做了磷脂总量变化的研究,运用高压液相和比色法检测了贻贝在不同贮藏温度和时间下的磷脂组分及其含量。发现在－ １８℃贮藏２０ｄ,磷脂总量损失了２４．６４％ ,而在２０℃放置１ｄ,就损失２１．８４％ 。说明磷脂酶活性受温度的影响很大  相似文献